Queen Elizabeth As A Ruler For England - 1296 Words

Even today, there are many who doubt the capability of a woman in a position of authority. When Elizabeth was appointed the Queen of England in a Constitutional Monarchy, many subjects of the English state did not respect her. This was in part due to her sister Mary’s previous failings as a ruler for England, as well as misogynistic assumptions about a woman’s ability to rule that were especially prevalent at this time in Western Europe. Throughout her 50 years of reign, Elizabeth not only managed to assert herself as a cunning and capable leader and Queen, but also gained the love of the English people. It was through the way Elizabeth saw herself as a religious figure that she accomplished this feat. Although Queen Elizabeth used masculine traits to assert dominance, she saw that it was her femininity that gave her the real advantage by creating her image after the Virgin Mary. Since she began her reign, Queen Elizabeth was highly aware that portraying aspects of masculinity would be beneficial to gaining the respect of her subjects. When England was awaiting a possible invasion by the Spanish Armada, the state of England’s defenses was poor and the outlook was grim. In spite of this, Elizabeth personally delivered an inspiring speech to the troops, and in the process took on a masculine role by doing so. â€Å"I myself will take up arms, I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder† (â€Å"Speech to the Troops at Tillbury†). She tells her warriors that when they need her theShow MoreRelatedQueen Elizabeth I; a Powerful Ruler in England2773 Words   |  12 PagesHistory 111 6 May 2010 Queen Elizabeth I: A Powerful Ruler in History While there was no law in Tudor England preventing appointment of a woman on the throne, the ruling of a woman was considered unfavorable. Women were not normally held high in command because it was believed that women could not rule well. During a time where the role of women was contained, Elizabeth I of England proved her power and remained the only unmarried queen in England’s history. She reined England from 1558 to 1603 andRead MoreQueen Elizabeth Of England s Greatest Rulers1739 Words   |  7 Pages Queen Elizabeth I Arden Dowd Aug. 7. 2016 Mr. Dickerman Born in 1533, Queen Elizabeth I of England was arguably one of England’s greatest rulers. She and her caretakers smartly kept a low profile when she was young, which kept her alive and in-line to the throne. Once she ascended to the throne she asserted her own identity, even as she balanced the concerns of her citizens, which helped her stay in power. She was measured in her view about religion, an important concern at theRead MoreEssay about Queen Elizabeth I: The Most Glorious Ruler of England 1074 Words   |  5 Pagesgreatest monarchs, and brought England out of destitution, and into one of its most glorious periods, the Elizabethan Age. Though, she suffered greatly before crowning; throughout her rule as Queen, England was reformed and fortified to be one of the most powerful countries in the known world. Elizabeth was born in the Greenwich Palace on September 7, 1533 to Anne Boleyn and King Henry VIII of England. (Stated on page 1 of Crompton, Samuel Willard. Queen Elizabeth and Englands Golden Age. ChelseaRead MoreEssay on Elizabeth1032 Words   |  5 Pages Elizabeth I nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Were Queen Elizabeth I and Catherine the Great effective rulers? Were their reign’s characterized as good or not so well? Disregarding the opinion of those who reigned concurrently or historians today, these two ruled their country in a time of turmoil and uncertainty! The world and the people within it were undergoing a major transition. New lands were being discovered as well as major role-playing continents and countries were changing status. Some losingRead MoreThe Machiavellian Struggle in Spain and England during the Reformation881 Words   |  3 Pagesas England, and a time of decline for other countries like Spain. These two particular countries, England and Spain, had two very powerful rulers who helped determine the fate of their nations. Phillip II of Spain was born into a very powerful family of extremely Machiavellian heritage. He had control of the Netherlands, Spain, parts of the North and South Americas, and parts of Asia and Brazil . He was also extremely Catholic and loyal to the Catholic Church. Queen Elizabeth I of England inheritedRead MoreQueen Elizabeth I : The Golden Age Of The Elizabethan Era1000 Words   |  4 Pageslook back fondly on the Elizabethan Era as one of the times when England was very close to achieving a golden age. While living under Queen Elizabeth did bring about troubles, such as an extreme system of punishment and quarrels with the Catholics, the Elizabethan Era was a time of peace and prosperity, heavily contrasting life before and after Elizabeth’s reign. In a time when England was almost about to tear itself apart, Queen Elizabeth I came to power and improved the situation. Her influence ledRead More Overview of the Monarchs of the Tudor Dynasty Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pagesbecame England’s first ruler, he was the first of many to come. The many King and Queens of England are divided into different eras by families. One of the families was the Tudor family, whic h is a well-known English monarchy. The Tudors were a family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603 whom ranged from Henry VII to Elizabeth I these rulers were well known because of different attributes they gave England. I will be providing information about all six rulers that reigned England in this distinctiveRead MoreElizabeth : A Dangerous World Of Political Conspiracy970 Words   |  4 PagesElizabeth was the daughter of a disrespected and executed mother; Elizabeth was the last in line to take over the throne of England. Elizabeth was born into a dangerous world of political conspiracy, on September 7th, 1533. England had been ravaged by religious conflict, was at war with Spain and France, and in debt when Elizabeth took control of the throne. Scandals and politics made Elizabeth reject Robert Dudley, her true love, and execute his stepson, Lord Essex. This book shows the witty,Read MoreReview Of Hail The Virgin Queen Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesHail The Virgin Queen Elizabeth, a film made in 1998 depicts the early years of the reign of Elizabeth I of England and her struggle of learning exactly what it means to be a woman in control of an entire nation. This film is a historical drama with as many ups, downs, twists, and turns one would expect in a film where the main character is considered one of the most esteemed women in history. Elizabeth, played by actress Cate Blanchett at a time when England was divided in deciding whether or notRead MoreThe Acts of Supremacy719 Words   |  3 PagesThe first Act of Supremacy was introduced by Henry VIII in 1534 during his rule of England. Later, when Elizabeth I came to the throne, the second Act of Supremacy was introduced to bring back the reforms that Mary had abolished. Both of these acts have many similarities but also some fundamental differences that helped indicate the type of ruler each monarch would be. Before discussing the differences it is important to first understand how the Act of Supre macy came about. Little is known about

The Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway - 1918 Words

Zach Ullom Eng-125F-SO2 Dr. Les Hunter December 3, 2015 Brett Ashley: Whore or Heroine in The Sun Also Rises After a thorough reading and in-depth analyzation of Ernest Hemingway’s riveting novel The Sun Also Rises, the character of Brett Ashley may be seen in a number of different ways. While some critics such as Mimi Reisel Gladstein view Brett as a Circe or bitch-goddess, others such as Carol H. Smith see Brett as a woman who has been emotionally broken by the world around her. I tend lean towards the latter of these views, simply because of the many tragedies that transpired. Brett Ashley is a heroine who, despite being wounded by love and war, continues to pursue true love. Mimi Reisel Gladstein does make an excellent case for Brett as a modern-day Circe, or bitch-goddess. â€Å"Brett is a drunkard, a nymphomaniac, or a Circe who turns men into swine† (Gladstein 58). She has this transforming effect on several men throughout the course of the novel, because of her extreme physical beauty. This effect is what causes almost every conflict in the novel, either directly or indirectly. Men such as Robert Cohn and Mike Campbell place Brett on a pedestal where Brett can do no wrong. After a single affair with Brett, Robert Cohn repeatedly offers himself to Brett, and follows her around the entire trip. Mimi uses the comparison to a dog on a leash, which accurately describes how Robert Cohn acts around Brett in my opinion. I wouldn’t go as far as Mimi Gladstein though, or MikeShow MoreRelatedThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Sun Also Rises Ernest Hemingway Introduction Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises is a classic work of American prose, and is essential to understanding the social climate of the 1920’s, and the â€Å"Lost Generation†. Hemingway’s motley cast of star-crossed lovers, rabble-rousers, expatriates, gamblers, and burgeoning alcoholics reflect the excitement, loneliness, and disillusionment experienced by Hemingway and his contemporaries. In addition, the post-war angst of young people of the time isRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway Essay889 Words   |  4 Pages Books are long. While â€Å"The Sun Also Rises† by Ernest Hemingway is a relatively short book, it still contains a wealth of intricate detail. In any short analysis of such a work of literature, some detail is almost assuredly lost. Hemingway has a lot to say through this story, despite his brevity with words. While not necessarily the most important elements of the book, I shall cast our focus on what Hemingway says thr ough the characters alcoholism and personal relationships. These characters haveRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway656 Words   |  3 PagesErnest Hemingway is an American twentieth century novelist who served in World War I. During World War I, he served as an ambulance driver for the Italian army. He wrote the novel The Sun Also Rises in Paris in the 1920s. Hemingway argues that the Lost Generation suffered immensely after World War I because of severe problems with masculinity, alcohol, and love. Masculinity creates a strong tension amongst the male characters in The Sun Also Rises. The clearest example is the impotency of theRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sun Also Rises, written by Ernest Hemingway, is a novel about a group of young expatriates, living in Paris after World War I and going on a trip to Spain filled with drinking, bullfighting, and much more. The protagonist, Jake Barnes, an impotent American WWI veteran and bullfighting aficionado, spends much of his time watching and sometimes helping Brett, the woman he loves, go off with other men. Most of the book takes place in urban areas like Paris and Pamplona is filled with drunken fightsRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway Essay1676 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises presents an interesting commentary on the fluidity of gender roles and the effects of stepping outside of the socially constructed binary approach to gender. Jake’s impotence and his inability to win Brett romantically results in a struggle wit h masculinity and inadequacy. Brett, possessing many masculine attributes, serves as a foil and embodies the masculinity the men in the novel lack. The juxtaposition of Jake’s struggle and Brett’s refusal to adhere to conventionalRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway1195 Words   |  5 Pagespowerful aspects of a book. For instance, when a reader reads the title The Sun Also Rises, written by Ernest Hemingway, the reader is able to understand that the title of the novel is connected directly to the message that the author is attempting to convey. The title later brings forth much more significance towards the very end of the novel when the reader pauses and contemplates Hemingway’s motives. The title The Sun Also Rises has the ability to stimulate deep thought within a reader, thus forcingRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway Essay2149 Words   |  9 PagesErnest Hemingway was one of America’s premiere authors during the early 1900 ’s. He brilliantly wrote a short story or novel in a fashion that was unconventional for the time period. While reading any work by Hemingway the reader has to keep in mind that what is written might be tied to some other part in the story. Hemingway many different writing strategies to keep the reader engaged throughout his stories. Ernest Hemingway is able to keep the readers engaged throughout this novel by incorporatingRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe writer of The Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway was a short story writer, journalist, and an American novelist. He produced most of his work between the nineteen twenties and nineteen fifties. One of Hemingway’s many novels, The Sun Also Rises was originally published on October 22, 1926. In the novel, The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway uses the lead female character, Lady Brett Ashley to portray the new age of women in that time period. In the beginning of the novel when Brett is introduced, sheRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises, Ernest Hemingway1101 Words   |  4 PagesIn most cases all anyone needs in life is love. But what is love? In The sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway we get the sad truth about what love sometimes is in the real world and in some cases alike this novel, there are many reasons in which love is lost. One of the reasons for lost love is sex. Unfortunately the sexual drive of other characters in the novel dictates whether they love each other or not. Another factor that plays a huge role of leaving love hopeless is alcohol. In this novelRead MoreThe Sun Also Rises By Ernest Hemingway2494 Words   |  10 PagesThe theme of male insecurity is a prominent theme in Ernest Hemingway s novel, The Sun Also Rises. While many soldiers suffered from disillusionment with the Great War and how it was supposed to make men of them, Jake bore the additional burden of insecurity because of his war wound. Inse curity operates on several levels and surfaces in many ways through the characters we encounter in this novel. We learn from observing Jake and his friends that manhood and insecurity are linked sometimes unfairly

Performance Management Policy Of Coles †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Performance Management Policy Of Coles. Answer: Introduction Human resource management is one of important parameters of a company and organization. Delving deep into the aspect, the resources, which the personnel use for the managing the business activities connotes the true essence of human resource management. This is a very broad topic, which includes within it various and wide-ranging aspects (Tyson 2014). This assignment specifically deals with the policies implemented by Coles personnel for managing the performance of the employees. Policies can be correlated with the aspect of management in terms of moulding the employees into the organizational requirements. Detailed approach of the assignment enhances the clarity of the readers regarding the specifications of the performance management policies in companies like Coles. Purpose The policy taken into consideration is Performance Evaluation by National Office. The main purpose of this policy is to set appropriate appraisals for the efforts put in by the employees. Inspection of the performance by the members of the National Office helps the managers of Coles in valuing the efforts of the employees (Coles.com.au 2017). In other words, the major drive behind introducing the policies of performance management is to extract the best out of the employees. In other words, the main reasons for abiding by this policy are to strengthen the bondage between the managers and the employees. Policy in this direction reflects the legal touch on Coles in terms of safeguarding the Cole personnel from the illegal activities. Herein lays the appropriateness of hiring the National Office personnel regarding inspection of the performance of employees (Coles.com.au 2017). This policy is exercized in coles through the following objectives: Measuring and regulating the performance of the employees. The National Office members assist the personnel of Coles in this evaluation process. This evaluation includes consideration of the attributes exposed by the employees towards the execution of the allocated duties and responsibilities. Within this, the Officers take special note of the outcomes of the levied orders and instructions on the employees. Along with the evaluation, one of the other purposes of the policy is to ensure that the employees and the other personnel are updated about the performance objectives and their results. This awareness helps the employees of Coles in direct initiation of the allocated duties and responsibilities after two or three training sessions (com.au 2017). Within this, the managers make it a point to check the reliability and accessibility of the identified and the specified goals. Along with this, the policy also helps the managers to excavate the need for training by evaluating the initial phases of completing the allocated responsibilities. Motivating and encouraging the employees for exposing consistent performance is one of the other purposes of this policy. The managers of Coles apply effective management techniques for regulating the performance of the employees. This is done by setting goals, objectives and key performance indicators for the employees (com.au 2017). Scope The members of the National Office of Australia investigate the performance of the employees of Coles. The managers are a medium in this process, who intimates the recent human resource management activities in the workplace. These activities reflect the interconnection between the internal and external environment of Coles. Social media connects the workplace of Coles with the external agencies (Coles.com.au 2017). The funds for this policy come from the expenses of the National Office of Australia, which is tracked regularly. As a matter of specification, the personnel are to send drafts regarding the utilization of the funds in executing the activities related to the implementation of the performance management policy. The related policies are Code of Conduct, Statement of Corporate Purpose and Managing Unsatisfactory Performance. For effective evaluation of the employee performance, adherence to the code of conduct is a crucial element. Sending drafts about the outcomes can be considered as the Statement of corporate response, as it is sent to the National Office staffs (Coles.com.au 2017). In case of the achieving negative outcomes, the managers of coles need to apply effective management techniques for restoring the lost productivity. Herein lays the importance of the performance management systems. Viewing it from the other perspective, all the related policies are set by the National Office staffs, which the personnel of Coles are entrusted to follow. Out of the three related policies, code of conduct is the most important, as it indicates the behavior, which the employees and the managers are to expose in the workplace environment. Code of conduct can be considered as the solution for managing the unsatisfactory performances exposed by the employees. In terms of the serious cases, the law officials are hired, who take serious actions against the employee (Coles.com.au 2017). Policy statement Statement acts as a document for the companies and organizations in terms of safeguarding themselves from the illegal instances. These statements are the proof in terms of validating the policies introduced. This framework is an integral part of the Performance Management Policy of Coles. This policy is designed for assisting the managers in terms of regulating and evaluating the performance of the employees. The forms of this assistance are developing the accountabilities, key performance indicators and training resources for achieving excellence. All the departments of Coles possess the authority to implement the policy according to the identified and the specified objectives (Coles.com.au 2017). This is according to the estimated plans and time frames for reviewing the exposed performance and the additional requirements needed to reach to the benchmark level of performance. The managers, staffs and Board of Directors are to comply with the agreements, terms and conditions. The Directors should negotiate with the stakeholders and shareholders within February/March of every year. After 6 months, that is in June/July, evaluation of the reviews need to be executed. One of an important aspect of the policy is the signed agreement within 2 months of being allocated a duty or being posted to a position (Coles.com.au 2017). Activities Employee performance valuation activities of Coles Company identify the major objective behind process of performance valuation. In addition, performance evaluation activities of Coles also offer general guidelines in carrying out the performance evaluation (Azzopardi and Nash 2013). Considering several human resource performance benefits, Coles Company has decided to certain performance evaluation activities through establishing performance management procedures and policies that has facilitated the company in attaining organizational goals. Coles has two types of functions including evaluative and developmental function. To evaluate the effectiveness of training and reward programs on the performance of employees, the company has existing policy of carrying out performance appraisal, individual performance evaluation and develop an evidence based collection process (Chen and Fong 2015). Evaluation process of Coles Company regarding a job performed by employees includes regular review of job activities along with maintaining performance standards with anticipated results and documentation of an employee performance plan. Performance valuation activities of Coles company also includes performance feedback strategies that include formal and informal feedback. Informal feedback process of Coles is on-going along with constant flow of formal feedback before the final performance evaluation or appraisal (Coles.com.au. 2017). Employee performance evaluation activities followed by Coles are explained below: Role responsibilities- Coles also makes sure that performance of employees are evaluated based on responsibilities that are relied on the aspects included in job description and other assigned duties. Moreover, performance evaluation activities of Coles is also relied on the extent took which employees performed satisfactorily on regular duties of assigned job (Hunter and Nielsen 2013). Individual goals- Performance evaluation of Coles also focuses on analysing individual employee responsibilities that is relied on employee adherence to the aspects of job description and several assigned duties. Moreover, performance evaluation is relied on the extent to which employees perform satisfactorily in their regular duties of assigned job (Nielsen and Hunter 2013). Behaviours- Performance of an employee is evaluated by Coles through analysing the ways in which employees act on performing responsibilities and attaining organizational goals. Employee behaviour is evaluated based on measuring and focussing on the ways in which works are achieved and based on behaviours listed in Coles Company Behaviour Guidelines (Parker et al. 2013). Overall evaluation- The Company conducts overall employee performance evaluation through tracking how well an employee performed based on his/her yearly track record on behaviour, personal goals and role responsibilities. Overall evaluation activities of the company are supported by proper documentation and comments and are reviewed with employee after approval of the manager. One-On-One meeting- Another performance evaluation activity followed by Coles is face to face performance discussion with employees. Open and frequent communication all through the year along with regular review of employment program and collective bargaining agreement is carried out by the company for analysing performance of employees. Accountabilities Coles Company is accountable in constantly reviewing employee performance evaluation policies and practices to make sure that these remain consistent with the business strategy of company in adherence to business objectives and strategy along with values and culture. The company also maintains the responsibility of maintaining appropriate performance evaluation, management, and succession planning and development activities to establish a high performance company culture (Pollitt 2013). Employee performance evaluation responsibility is well addressed by Coles Company as a part of performance management process. This is for the reason that this serves as an effective tool that can support employee development and improvement. Being accountable in performance valuation of employees, Coles Company carries out regular short meetings along with recording and discussing milestones successes and accomplishments. Fulfilling these accountabilities facilitates Coles Company in monitoring progress on performance goals and offering development programs as required. Moreover, carrying out short meetings decreases excessive effort that is required for preparing and carrying out yearly employee performance reviews. This is because the company has been accountable in tracking performance and progress along with offering necessary feedback when it is highly valuable (Wang et al. 2016). Coles Company considers it to be its accountability that in maintaining appropriate performance evaluation techniques it ensures performance standards and expectations to the employees. This facilitates the companys employees in differentiating among unacceptable and acceptable behaviours in performance along with decreasing certain misunderstandings. While carrying out performance evaluation Coles Company makes sure that: It coaches its employees in a manner that makes two-way communication effective along with reinforcing desired behaviours Employees professional and career development are supported by the company in order t make them highly accountable for it The company takes the responsibility to make sure that employee performance evaluation reviews are submitted by assigned deadline In developing proper employee performance evaluation activities, Coles Company considers itself accountable in: Developing effective practice performance management process (Wang et al. 2016). Setting realistic deadlines in completing every step within performance evaluation process Developing and explaining performance evaluation rating scale along with analysing distinct performance levels and the ways in which the company expects such ratings to be used Offering training to employees and managers regarding the performance evaluation process along with explaining the steps involved, related responsibilities along with benefits attained by all that addresses specific performance valuation needs considering job responsibilities of employees Conclusion The objective of this paper was to evaluate the performance management and evaluation policies of Coles Limited Company. From completion of the paper it is gathered that To evaluate the effectiveness of training and reward programs on the performance of employees, the company has existing policy of carrying out performance appraisal, individual performance evaluation and develop an evidence based collection process. The company also maintains the responsibility of maintaining appropriate performance evaluation, management, and succession planning and development activities to establish a high performance company culture. Evaluation process of Coles Company regarding a job performed by employees includes regular review of job activities along with maintaining performance standards with anticipated results and documentation of an employee performance plan. Moreover, employee performance evaluation responsibility is well addressed by Coles Company as a part of performance management pro cess. This is for the reason that this serves as an effective tool that can support employee development and improvement. References Azzopardi, E. and Nash, R., 2013. A critical evaluation of importanceperformance analysis.Tourism Management,35, pp.222-233. Chen, L. and Fong, P.S., 2015. Evaluation of knowledge management performance: An organic approach.Information Management,52(4), pp.431-453. Coles.com.au (2017). About us. Available at: https://www.coles.com.au/ [Accessed on 7th November 2017] Coles.com.au., 2017.About Coles. [online] Available at: https://www.coles.com.au/about-coles [Accessed 7 Nov. 2017]. Hunter, D.E. and Nielsen, S.B., 2013. Performance management and evaluation: Exploring complementarities.New Directions for Evaluation,2013(137), pp.7-17. Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. and Jiang, K., 2014. An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.1-56. Kramar, R., 2014. Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource management the next approach?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(8), pp.1069-1089. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R. and Kynighou, A., 2016.Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Nielsen, S.B. and Hunter, D.E., 2013. Challenges to and forms of complementarity between performance management and evaluation.New Directions for Evaluation,2013(137), pp.115-123. Parker, D., Verlinden, A., Nussey, R., Ford, M. and Pathak, R.D., 2013. Critical evaluation of project-based performance management: change intervention integration.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,62(4), pp.407-419. Pollitt, C., 2013. The logics of performance management.Evaluation,19(4), pp.346-363. Purce, J., 2014. The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C. and Chung, C., 2016.Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Storey, J., 2014.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Tyson, S., 2014.Essentials of human resource management. Routledge. Wang, J., Ding, D., Liu, O. and Li, M., 2016. A synthetic method for knowledge management performance evaluation based on triangular fuzzy number and group support systems.Applied Soft Computing,39, pp.11-20.

Northrop Frye Theories on Literature

Northrop Frye is man who proposed several theories in the study of literature. In analysing the Bible as a book of literature, he showed different themes of typology, identity, metaphors, parallelism, symbolism and allegory. All these are concepts in most forms of literature. He believed that the Bible was like any other book of literature which had become part of history yet its origin was a myth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Northrop Frye Theories on Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Typology Typology is described by Frye as being a figure of speech moving in time. It occurs where there is an antitype in the present which is a type of event that existed in the past. It is a theory that states that events in history have a meaning and an event in the future will cause people to understand the event in the past. It is also the belief that the things that occur now will achieve an objective and have a meaning. Frye points out that this is as a belief system that has its origins in the Bible. Typology in the Bible moves both in the past and in the future. Frye says â€Å"Everything that happens in the Old Testament is a type or adumbration of something that happens in the New Testament† (167). In expressing this concept, Frye shows that the Bible is essentially sealed (Woodman, 1997). Paul in the book of Romans says that Adam was a typology of Christ and that Christian baptism in the New Testament is represented by the salvation of mankind in the flood of Noah (Frye, 1981, pg 167). In history, Frye observes that the prophesies of Marx and Engels are fulfilled In the Bolshevist revolution organized by Lenin. The whole Bible has a chronology of types and antitypes. Frye sees the Bible as a series of several ups and downs. There is the sin of man followed by the redemption of man. Furthermore Frye says that the Exodus is indeed the last thing that happens in the Old Testament (Withrow, 2009). The Bible has a U-Shaped plot. It starts with the harmonious state of man in Genesis then the disintegration of this harmonious state, In the middle of the plot, there are chaos, disasters and victories (Jackson, 2003). The world goes back to the harmonious state at the end of the book in Revelation. This U-Shaped plot also exists in the specific books of the Bible such as Judges, Kings and Job.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Each story within the Bible acts as a type of the other stories and the overall Bible story. Jackson says of Frye that â€Å"One of his theories holds that literature exists as a whole and not just a collection of individual stories.†(2003).The theme repetition in the book works to create a sense of De javu and premonition. There are common typologies in the Bible expressed by aspects such as the sheep, the shepherd, the tree , the garden and the ocean. (Marx, 1994) It shows the events in the stories have great significance and they represent other events in the past and future. Furthermore Marx says â€Å"repetitions of plot and image tie the many books of the Bible together, and also create a sense of deja vu and premonition, hinting that discreet events have some greater symbolic significance, that they are both themselves and not themselves, that time may be an illusion†(1994). There is great symbolism between Moses and Christ which Frye examines in his book. Moses is the parallel of Christ and Frye examines the many similarities in the two men’s life. Moses delivered the people of Israel from Pharaoh and Jesus has come to bring about the deliverance of mankind. The Bible presents itself to the reader with the suggestion that it should be read as having typologies and metaphors of other events in the Bible. Frye insists that the typology does not exist in the Bible alone. It also exists in other works. Despite Judaism not having the New Testament there is typology in the Old Testament. There are events that occur in the Old Testament that are a type of the events that occur later in the Old Testament. During the Exodus, Aaron makes a golden calf for the Israelites to worship. There is a typology for this event later in the history of Israel when the Kings set up golden calves all over the country for the people to worship. The worship of gods and idols by the Canaanites is a type of which the Bible is an antitype. The Bible is different as it advocates for the worship of the true God. Another example of typology is shown by the phases of society growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Northrop Frye Theories on Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social society begins with the local gods then progresses to regional gods. As the tribes grow to become nations, leaders emerge who begin to see themselves as the rulers of this world. This is a type with the Biblical concepts as an antitype since the Bible advocates for monotheism with God as the only ruler. In looking at leaders, the Bible says that a certain leader is not bad but the one who arises after may be evil. The current leader is the antitype of which another will be the type. In the Old Testament, the Pharaoh at that time welcomed Israel into Egypt, however later there arose a king whose mission in life was to destroy the Jews. In the Old Testament, King Cyrus and Darius are deeply respected however their descendent Xerxes in the book of Esther is almost convinced by the cruel Haman to endorse a project that will extinguish the Jews. In history there is Alexander the great, who Josephus welcomes into Jerusalem. However his lineage produced Antiochus Epiphanies who really persecuted the Jews mercilessly. The Old Testament predicts the future speaking of the emergence of an antichrist. Paul in Thessalonian s, speaks of the antichrist saying â€Å"The son of perdition, who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God† The antichrist is totally against God and all that He represents. He is the type of the antichrists that have already existed. In history the Jews were outraged against Antiochus Epiphanies who desecrated the temple of God and dedicated it to his god, Zeus. This act of desecrating the temple was worse than his act of persecuting the Jews. The description of the antichrist that Paul uses has been derived from the book of Daniel. Daniel speaks of the abomination at the temple when he prophesies of the end times. The typology in the bible extends to the future. The book of Revelation prophesies what will happen to the world and the church in the future. Allegory This is where a story finds a deeper meaning through the interpretation or translation of a concept or argument. The Bible has several examples of allegory. In totality, the prophets of the Old Testament spoke of the coming of the Messiah. They also spoke of the Laws of the Old Testament being no longer binding or legalistic.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rather there were the allegories of the spiritual truths of the Bible. In the book, The Pilgrim’s progress this concept is illustrated where Faithful deeply explores the Law on the animal the Israelites was not supposed to eat. He notes that the beast that Moses described as clean had hoofs that were parted and it chewed cud. To chew the cud was a metaphor for seeking knowledge while parting the hoof meant that a person had left the path of sinners. The animal was to possess both physical qualities, not one alone. Christian, a character in the book acknowledges that he should indeed know the gospel meanings of the text. In Genesis 4:24 Paul uses allegory in talking of Abraham’s two wives and how they represent truths in the gospel of God. Woodman highlights another example by saying â€Å"Frye illustrates the metaphorical reality of the Bible by arguing that when Jesus says â€Å"I am the door† (John 10:9)—another translation is â€Å"the gate†Ã¢â ‚¬â€there are â€Å"no doors outside the verse to be pointed to† (Great Code 61)†(1997). Jesus uses the object door and gate to show the spiritual truth he is the way to the father. Identity There is another aspect that Frye explores in the Bible. He notes that there is the concept of identity in literature. Frye believed that literature was a metaphor, a mirror image of something else. It was an identity of what humans did. He compares the Bible to different aspects of the western culture and the way of life. The Old Testament focus was on the Nation of Israel while the focus of the New Testament was on the person Jesus Christ. Frye notes that even before we are born or start to exist we are identified with something. An example of identity is the way a king represents his people yet he is an individual. Queen Elizabeth draws crowds because she represents the people and country of England. That is what is remarkable about her. It is not anything in particular about he r individuality or persona. In today’s world, most countries believe they have done away with the monarchy system however they forget while speaking of countries and charismatic leaders. The people of a country will still be identified with the names of their countries or their leaders. The news broadcasters always speak of what Japan, Mexico or Japan has done. The news is given as if the three countries are individual persons. As much as people do not want have the royalty system in their country, it still keeps coming out. For example In the World War 1 and 2, a news broadcaster or political leader would say â€Å"Mussolini has attacked a country† or â€Å"Hitler is advancing towards Poland†. These two individuals were not doing the actions rather it was the soldiers of these countries yet the leaders represented the people. Frye shows the way this identity concept is expressed in the Bible. When the king of Israel or Judah was captured he represented the dest ruction of the whole country. There are two incidences to illustrate this. When Nebuchadnezzar invaded Jerusalem and captured Zedekiah, Jeremiah in lamentations 4:20 notes that â€Å"The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of the Lord, was taken in their pits, of whom we said, under his shadow we shall live among the heathen†. The first phrase is interesting in that it speaks of the breath of our nostrils. It is Zedekiah who is captured yet his breath represents the breath of the people. The king therefore represents his people. His body is actually the people. The second example that Frye gives is of the suffering servant described in the book of Isaiah† He is despised and rejected of men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief: and we hid as it were our faces from him; he was despised, and we esteemed him not†. The people who rejected him and despised him are the nation of Israel regardless of the fact it was just a few of them. The ones who actually did t he act represented the rest of the people. An interesting identity concept that Frye observes in the Old Testament is that while tracing the lineage of Jesus Christ, the apostles say that Joseph was the father of Christ yet Jacob was the father. Jacob is identified with his ancestor, Joseph. Parallelism Another concept is parallelism. Jesus was the king of the world but â€Å"not of this world†. In the physical world, there was the king of the Jews, Herod with whom Jesus had great conflict. Yet Jesus was a servant who chose to identify himself with the least. Frye notes the irony of the situation, something hard to grasp, a king and a servant at the same time. Frye notices that myths and cults all have concepts that are biblical. Even cults that existed before the biblical times are noted to have biblical themes. There has arisen an ideology in people that there is nothing in the world that does not have parallel themes with the bible. Furthermore there is no concept in the B ible that cannot be found in everyday life. In the world there exists imagery and symbolism which are the foundations of Frye arguments on literature. Another parallel in the bible is the way that Paul says that the powers of the world are given authority by God. This is shown by trial scene in Aeschylus’ Oresteia. There is a show of good, peace and justice showing the gods, man and nature. The gods endorse the vision of justice. If they had not endorsed the vision, the world would be plain, man interacting with nature alone. However the gods choose to be involved in the men’s world. In the Bible there is a social contract between the people and their God. The Bible is a story of this relationship. Conclusion Northrop’s approach in studying the Bible highlights quite a few concepts in a new light. His concepts on literature have taught many to approach the Bible as book of literature. Withrow says that â€Å"Frye’s examination of the Bible’s inner , literary logic and its connection to Western literature and culture makes this volume a fascinating read†(1997)The reader is able to fully comprehend what he is saying. He has illustrated great examples from the Bible to further drive his point across. He keeps showing the symbolism and imagery in the book, navigating to the Old Testament and back to the New Testament in order to get his point across. He moves to Genesis, the history books then to what Paul says in the Epistles and Revelation. It is quite an interesting analysis. He also ties the themes in the Bible with the greatest literary works in history showing that the Bible can be approached as a work of literature. When one approaches the book from the literature angle they see so many other similarities with other literary works proving that all literature is about identity, typology, imagery and metaphors. Indeed this is the great code of literature. The Bible is a story like any other story that has been whispere d, told or published. Works Cited Frye, Northrop. â€Å"The Great Code: The Bible and Literature†.  Grand Street, Vol. 1, 1(1981) : pg. 158-183. Web. Jackson, Paul. â€Å"Life of Pi: Imagination, Belief, and the Literary Theories of Northrop Frye† 2003. Web. Marx, Stevens. â€Å"Northrop Frye’s Bible†. 1994. Web. Withrow, Brandon. â€Å"Book Review: The Great Code.† The Discarded Image, 2009. Web. Woodman, Ross. â€Å"Metaphor and the Language of Revelation†1997. Web. This essay on Northrop Frye Theories on Literature was written and submitted by user Lexie Pate to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.