The Cash Rate Is The Overnight Money Market Interest Rate...

The cash rate is the overnight money market interest rate implemented by the Reserve Bank of Australia. The Board of the Reserve Bank of Australia meet monthly to determine the cash rate for the following month, taking into account various economic conditions, both globally and domestically. Since August 2013, the cash rate in Australia has been at a record low, of 2.5 per cent (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2013). The three factors which will be considered in determining the cash rate for October 2014 are; the housing market â€Å"boom†, the falling value of the Australian dollar and iron ore prices trading at an all time low. Based on these three factors, on the 4th of October, the cash rate should be kept at the current rate of 2.5 per cent. With the latest inflation result showing inflation to be around the mid band target of the 2-3% target, no immediate cash rate decisions need to be made to control inflation. The cash rate is closely related to the monetary policy. As the inflation target helps the RBA achieve its three objectives of monetary policy, and the cash rate ultimately influences the level of inflation in the economy, the cash rate and monetary policy can be seen to be closely related. The three objectives of monetary policy are; maintaining price stability, full employment and economic prosperity and welfare of the Australian people (Reserve Bank of Australia, 2013). The objectives of monetary policy will also be covered in this essay and how the current willShow MoreRelatedThe Global Financial Crisis ( Gfc )1087 Words   |  5 Pagescredit ratings and the subsequent collapse of the US housing market and prominent investment bank Lehman Brothers which sent a wave of fear around global economies including Australia and resulted in the largest drop in global economic activity in the modern era. (W. McKibbin, A.Stoeckel, 2009, pg 1). During the years before the crisis there was a significant increase in irresponsible mortgage lending in America. The US housing market was in melt down but the Australian had moved into a consolidationRead MoreFinancial System Between Australia and Singapore8919 Words   |  36 Pageschosen which are Australia and Singapore. This research essay is mainly concentrate on different types of institutions in the financial system and the role they play. Moreover, the different types of institutions in different countries will then compare in order to analyze the similarity and differences. There are three sections consists in this research essay. The first section stressed on the central bank in Australia, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the central bank in Singapore, theRead MoreMonetary Policy of India During Recession6337 Words   |  26 Pages | |India’s Monetary Policy during recession, Currency Management by Reserve Bank of India and the summary of Monetary policy frameworks of | |various central banks. | Contents: Introduction of Reserve Bank of India and brief summary of India’s Economic profile: 2-5 How was India impacted by the global financial crisis?Read MoreSwot Analysis of Reliance Life Insurance Company8505 Words   |  35 PagesIntroduction: Banking sector The Indian Banking industry governed by the Banking Regulation Act of India, 1949, falling into two broad classifications, non-scheduled banks and scheduled banks. Within the commercial banks there are nationalized banks, the State Bank of India and its group banks, regional rural banks and private sector banks (the old/ new domestic and foreign). With the economic growth picking up pace and the investment cycle on the way to recovery, the banking sector has witnessed a transformationRead MoreA Project Report on â€Å"Swot Analysis of Indian Foreign Exchange Markets6895 Words   |  28 PagesA project report on â€Å"SWOT Analysis of Indian Foreign Exchange Markets Table of Contents 1. History of Indian Foreign Exchange Market ........................................................................................... 3 1.1. Early Stages: 1947-1977 ................................................................................................................. 3 1.2. Formative Period: 1978-1992 ...........................................................................................Read MoreThe Indian Solar Pv Market10243 Words   |  41 PagesThe Indian solar PV market has seen significant growth with the installed solar PV capacity, rising from 40 MW to more than 3,000 MW in the last four years. It is also expected that the distributed generation (rooftop Solar PV) at the consumer end will drive solar power capacity additions given the acute power shortages in several states. Role of various stakeholders responsible for implementation of rooftop solar PV projects in India is shown below- During the first phase of the JNNSM from 2010Read MoreCentral Bank in Turkey5214 Words   |  21 PagesMONETARY POLICY IN 2002 (Updated and revised as of July 2002) August 2002 CENTRAL BANK OF TURKEY 1 Outline of Presentation Monetary Policy Framework – Exchange Rate Regime Monetary Policy Strategies Assumptions, Communication – Accountability, Transparency, Interest Rates Policies, Monetary Targets, Inflation Targeting Current Situation and Expectations in Economy Stability Indicators, Price Stability and Growth, Balance of Payments, Monetary Targets Price Developments Read MoreAnz Bank142091 Words   |  569 Pages2014 ANNUAL REPORT Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited ABN 11 005 357 522 This Annual Report (Report) has been prepared for Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (â€Å"the Company†) together with its subsidiaries which are variously described as: †ANZ†, â€Å"Group†, â€Å"ANZ Group†, â€Å"the Bank†, â€Å"us†, â€Å"we† or â€Å"our†. ANZ ANNUAL REPORT 2014 ANZ IS EXECUTING A FOCUSED STRATEGY TO BUILD THE BEST CONNECTED, MOST RESPECTED BANK ACROSS THE ASIA PACIFIC REGION WHO WE ARE AND HOWRead MoreThe Theoretical Framework Of The Study And Is Divided Into Four Main Sections10335 Words   |  42 Pagesacquisitions. 2.2 Financial Crisis/Global Economic Recession As defined by Eichengreen and Portes (1987) a financial crisis tends to be disruptions within financial markets and are characterised by falling asset prices and bankruptcy/liquidation among debtors which spread through the financial system, completely disrupting the markets capacity to allocate capital. It is clear that the crisis had multiple causes such as the financiers themselves especially those who claimed to have found a way toRead Moreinvestment and financial analysis6042 Words   |  25 Pagessubsidiaries and affiliates operating under the Genting name, is recognised as one of Asias leading and best-managed multinationals. There are currently 5 public companies listed in 3 jurisdictions that operate under the Genting name with a combined market capitalisation of over RM121 billion (US$39 billion) as at 31 May 2013. Genting Berhad is the investment holding and management company of Genting Group. Genting Group was founded by the late Tan Sri (Dr.) Lim Goh Tong in 1965 when he began the initial

Managerial Decision Making in Gray †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Managerial Decision Making in Gray. Answer: Introduction The attractiveness of the political market and its implications for the firm's strategy is one of the crucial subjects to unveil and browse to lay out the facts in critical thinking and managerial decision making. Apparently, this topic has been given a blind eye by scholars who have opted to provide much attention to the economic market neglecting its better part, political market. However that has been the case, there has not been the absence of brave faces to shed some light on the same(Soltes, 2017). This essay reviews the article of Jean-Philippe Bonardi, Amy J. Hilman and Gerald D. Keim who compare democracy to a market process whereby the demanders and suppliers of the public policy interact. This article will identify the title of their article; give a brief detail of what the article concerns. It will also identify gaps that need to be filled, if any, comment on how the research was conducted, clearly spell out the findings of the study, talk about the implications of the ar ticle for management practice and finally evaluate the articles effectiveness and credibility. Now, Jeans article titled The Attractiveness of The Political Markets: Implications For Firm Strategy raises a few concerns and curiosity of knowing the content that is therein depending on the fact that this is apparently one of the most important topics(Klein, 2016). According to the topic, the market should not only be looked at only in the economic but also the political angle. Something that many business and management scholars have not yet appreciated is that public policy prescription and implementation serves a key role in managerial decision-making(Kobayashi, 2017). A precise illustration is the lobbying aspect of firms to be protected by the government against foreign competition whereby the government takes an initiative of reducing or banning imports to enable the domestic companies to grow. The authors have put out the fact that the political market consists of two key players, i.e., demanders and suppliers of public policy. Tue demanders of the public policy are the citizens, firms, special interest groups, voters and other governments. On the other hand, the suppliers of the public policy are the elected and non-elected politicians, the legislators, members of the judiciary and the bureaucrats. Now, since the political market is a process, the demanders and suppliers in this market actively exchange roles such that the demanders become suppliers and suppliers become demanders(Wylie Neeley, 2015). These elected politicians and bureaucrats demand votes, information and financial support from the firms while firms demand regulation, public policy, and deregulation. The authors through their argument have precisely made it clear that firms actively seek and influence public policy for economic and profit favors. For instance, a firm that operates in monopoly would find government protection and regulation for a financial benefit such that no other firms venture into the same business in the zeal of avoiding competition(Gehrke Ball, 2015). On the other hand, politicians influence the public policy concerning regulation and deregulation of business to seek and acquire votes to remain in power. Whereas this is the case, at times some politicians enter into public offices unopposed and therefore have less worry of votes into the office due to monopoly and thus would not actively influence the public policy(Laudon Laudon, 2017). However, it should it should be appreciated that bureaucrats and members of the judiciary have more power to influence the public policy, regulation, and deregulation of business activities as opposed to their elected polit ician counterparts. While substantial and evident research has been done to come up with adequate evidence to support the topic and the thesis statement, there is no much exploration on the negative impacts of firm's protection, regulation, and deregulation by the government. It is an indisputable fact that when domestic firms are left to compete on their own, many of them would be out-competed by foreign firms something that would eventually lead to their paralysis and death maybe(Morton, Fontaine, Hudak, Gallo, 2017). However this is a fact, every step taken comes with both pros and cons, and sometimes the disadvantages outdo the pros. In this case, the authors should have told us what the impacts of firm's protection against foreign competition are. Firms that are certain about of government support and protection would enjoy much comfort instead of looking for ways of competing favorably and convincing the buyer that they stock the best products. Consequently, protected firms will eventually lower the standards of the goods and services offered and therefore affect the buyer. These firms may reduce the quantity and quality of the services provided at a specified price(Fan Golder, 2017). Other firms may even double or even quadruple the prices and still get the customers buy their products because of an absence of equivalent foreign substitutes. The authors have attempted to explain the behavior that would be exhibited by firms when the political market is or is not attractive. That is commendable. Theyve told us for example that if the political market demand side is attractive while the supply side is attractive, firms will opt for a leader strategy in the market(LoBiondo-Wood Haber, 2017). This statement is true. However, there are other situations and circumstances that force the firms to delay or enter into the political market which ought to cover. Basically, a firm would not solely depend on demand and supply attractiveness to make a decision as whether or not to engage in the political market. This article has an adequate evidence to bring out desired facts as well as give a support to the thesis statement. Background research on the study topic and thorough employment of research material for secondary data such as relevant books, journals, scholarly articles are evident. There are a lot of in-text references that are later reflected in the bibliography indicating that a lot of research was done on the same(Thorstad Wolff). Perusing through various articles on the subject matter to come up with such an excellent article is commendable. Just to be sincere, a lot of research was conducted to bring out facts about the topic. Most importantly, the so acquired data was adequately used all over the article as relevant examples, demonstrations, and illustrations have been made. Data analysis through tables and graphs showing how variables affect each other in political market is enough evidence of adequate research on the topic. The research in this article has come up with some findings. First, just like the economic market, the political market can be viewed as a platform where both demanders and suppliers of public policy actively interact. According to the analysis made in this article, it is evident that explanations as to why and when firms decide to engage themselves in the political market can be derived(Lee, 2016). This information can be used to predict as to whether firms are likely or unlikely to get into the political market according to the prevailing conditions. This article again found that success in the political market is dependent on the attractiveness of the market. This attractiveness that determines firm success importantly explains why firms tend to engage themselves in political strategies. In this article again, it has been found that when the demand side is attractive while at that time the supply side is not, most of the firms will tend to let other firms get into the market. These firms come later after watching and analyzing the engagement consequences and the possible merits(Goodwin Wright, 2014). However, in situations where both the demand and the supply side are not attractive, firms will wait to see whether things would change before engaging themselves in the political market. This article has also laid other attributes leading to or undermining political market attractiveness such as nonelection issues, rivalry among demanders, matters to do with real costs and diffused benefits. Additional attributes are defense or challenge of the existing problems or the status quo, advocating new issue as well as issues to do with concentrated benefits and diffused costs. This article has enormous implications on the management practice. It acts as an eye opener to the management of any firm by instilling knowledge necessary for decision making, i.e., when and why to engage or not engage in the political market. Again, this article equips firm's management with knowledge of engagement timing and also information on the available benefits of either immediate or delayed entrance in the market(Goetsch, 2017). It also briefs the management on how to lob for and influence public policy in favor of the economic market. Conclusion A lot much has been handled in this article. Limelight has shone to the world of political market, and a subject that for quite some time has beeen slapped with a high level of ignorance has at last been handled positively inspiring both scholars and firm managers. A lot of research has been conducted to bring out the desired points. The information used in this article has been attributed to different personalities, and this improves the credibility of the report. As a result, this has been one of the most effective pieces in the field of critical thinking and managerial decision making. However much efforts have been taken to garner evidence to support the thesis statement, the article registers some squinting facts and loopholes that need to be closed to make the piece more effective and credible. The report is not complete and therefore prompts more research to answer some questions left out unanswered. References Fan, T., Golder, P. (2017). Innovation and New Products Research: A State-of-the-Art Review, Models for Managerial Decision Making, and Future Research Directions. In Handbook of Marketing Decision Models, 27-34. Gehrke, I., Ball, D. (2015). Managerial decision-making in hospitals with real options analysis. 13(4), 673-691. Information Systems and e-Business Management, 47-52. Goetsch, D. (2017). Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, 33-45. Goodwin, P., Wright, G. (2014). Decision Analysis for Management Judgment. John Wiley and sons, 43-47. Klein, B. (2016). Developing an Applied, Integrated MBA Managerial Decision Making Course. Journal of the Midwest Association for Information Systems, 72-79. Kobayashi, M. (2017). The relationship between critical-thinking and decision-making in exercise and lifestyle in adolescents: Minoru Kobayashi. The European Journal of Public Heal, 45-50. Laudon, K., Laudon, J. (2017). Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm Plus MyMISLab with Pearson eText--Access Card Package. Prentice Hall Press, 45-50. Lee, D. (2016). An integrated review of the correlation between critical thinking ability and clinical decision?making in nursing. Journal of clinical nursing, 77-80. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J. (2017). Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences, 40-50. Morton, P., Fontaine, D., Hudak, C., Gallo, B. (2017). Critical care nursing: a holistic approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 65, 89, 100. Soltes, E. (2017). Teaching Versus Living: Managerial Decision Making in the Gray. Journal of Management Education, 67-72. Thorstad, R., Wolff, P. (n.d.). A significant data analysis of the relationship between future thinking and decision-making. Known proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Wylie, C., Neeley, K. (2015). Learning Out Loud (LOL): How Comics Can Develop the Communication and Critical Thinking Abilities of Engineering Students. In Proceedings of Decision making. , 60-66.

A Dissertation Proposal Related To Renewable Energy In Nigeria

Question: Write on a dissertattion proposal related to renewable energy in nigeria? Answer: Introduction Solar energy can be measured as an important form of renewable energy. As the technologies those are in use produce no global warming gases. Solar energy provides anchor to hydro power. The hydrological cycle is controlled by sun. During the full moon or the solar eclipse helps to raise the water level and raise the flow of water to some extent. The wind power is controlled by sun as the movement of the air is a result of the heating effect by the sun on the atmosphere. This situation arises because of the wind of a region that got hotter and much lighter, i.e. pressure of the air in that region falls. Then the wind with less heat come in the place of hot wind and occupies the place with much speed. Thus it can be said that electrical energy, chemical energy and kinetic energy are derived from sun. But there is a technological limitation to the collection, distribution and the storage of solar energy. According to the recently published reports, there has been a reduction in installa tion of photovoltaic cells (SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL AND ITS DEVELOPMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY GENERATION IN NIGERIA: A ROAD MAP TO ACHIEVING THIS FEAT, 2014). It has been predicted that the PV cells will deliver more than 340 GW of energy by 2020. The huge number of installed PV cells is in Germany. Nigeria has to meet the energy demands of their country. They must explore the potential of the renewable energy sources. This will act as a supplement to the conventional sources of energy (Chineke, Nwofor and Okoro, 2010). Nigeria and the Middle Belt are sitting on an energy reserve which has massive potential (Coker, 2004). It is also becoming economically viable to use the renewable resources of energy. As a new technology and being able to process renewable energies (solar energy), it requires a huge lump of money. As these technologies are on demand due to its environment friendly usage and not harmful to incorporate, due to the no emission of global warming gases. It is important to make an in depth exploration of the energy potential in the region. The research paper identifies the use of solar energy (photo voltaic cells, Figure 1) as the potential source of energy at Maiduguri airport. The use of solar energy as an energy resource will be a sustainable energy source at the Maiduguri airport. Background of the research The researches took place at the Maiduguri airport in Nigeria. As it will become possible for me to collect the data regarding the energy supply at the airport because I work at the Nigerian Meteorological agency which is located near the airport. Thus it is possible for me to collect all the required data. The airport experienced power outage for a period of seven months from June 2014 to January 2015, during which generators were in use at the airport but they pollute the environment. Therefore Maiduguri airport has been chosen as an idea location to investigate the feasibility of implementing a renewable energy supply (solar energy). Research Aims The research aims and objectives will help to focus on the strategies for the adoption of the renewable energy in Nigeria. The following objectives will be achieved in the research. To determine the ultimate benefit behind the usage of electrical energy generation using solar energy in Nigeria. To determine the environmental facts that came across while adopting photovoltaic cells in Nigeria for the generation of electricity using solar energy. To identify the impact of utilization of solar energy for electricity generation at the Maiduguri airport. Literature review Nigeria is located in the West African region. It is situated within the longitudes of 3 to 14 degrees and the latitude is 4 to 140 degrees. Since Nigeria is situated above the equator, it receives abundant sunlight throughout the year. The daily duration of sunshine in Nigeria is 6.5 hrs. The total amount of solar energy received by the country is 4.851 * 1012 kWH. This amount of solar energy will be available for 26% of the day. The facts and figures regarding Nigeria indicate that Nigeria has the potential to generate electrical energy from solar energy (SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL AND ITS DEVELOPMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY GENERATION IN NIGERIA: A ROAD MAP TO ACHIEVING THIS FEAT, 2014). The energy generated in Nigeria is not sufficient. Hence it is required to adopt the alternative sources or new technologies to incorporate energy technologies (renewable or sustainable energies). The electrical energy can be used for the Maiduguri airport in Nigeria. It will be a sustainable form of e nergy. As Photovoltaic cells are using the solar power and even there is no global warming emission is associated with the generation of electricity. Even solar power is endless. The venture will be successful with the pragmatic steps from the Government in developing policies and plans for utilization of solar energy in Nigeria (Oseni, 2011). Solar energy can be converted into renewable energy resource via two ways. One is using the photovoltaic material and the other is using thermal process of energy generation. The airport at Maiduguri can use the first process for electricity generation (Kalogirou, 2013). The entire process of conversion of the solar energy into power has been provided by the following diagram. Generation of Power using various sources of energy There are several ways of energy generation from renewable as well as from non renewable sources. In order to meet the steady power demand of the society, it is necessary to search for alternate energy a source which includes solar, thermal, wind etc. Among the all the other sources of non renewable energy, solar energy is considered as the potential source of energy for the reasons that is enumerated below Variable nature of Power output The power generated from solar energy is fairly constant. The generation of solar energy varies from day to night (O. Oji et al., 2012). Despite these factors, solar energy is an efficient source of energy. Solar energy can be used as a potential source of energy as it provides constant output. A significant amount of solar energy can be used for the generation of power (Mohammed et al., 2014). Pollution Like other developing countries in Africa, there is increase in the demand for electricity in Nigeria. The major source of generation of power is coal. The process of combustion of coal has led to pollution and destruction of the environment. The mining works has resulted in accumulation of dust in the air. This is creating enormous amount of pollution resulting in health hazards. Coal is considered as the main source of production of thermal energy. The mining industry has adverse impact on the tourism and the recreation industry. Thus the country has to recover from the situation. This can be achieved by using solar energy as the potential source of energy. The energy source will not create environmental hazards and the demands of energy can be easily met. Availability of resources Sun is the ultimate source of energy and there is fairly available solar energy that will drive the transducer in the circuit. There is no shortage of solar derived energy on Earth. The amount of solar energy that is intercepted on earth is greater than the amount of energy that is used by the world as fossil fuels each year. But a miniscule amount of the solar energy is used for power generation. Solar energy does not have to depend on any source unlike nuclear energy which depends on the availability of radioactive material. Solar energy will form a continuous source of energy (Worldwidescience.org, 2015). Generation of electrical energy from solar energy in Nigeria The energy supply in Nigeria is insufficient. Thus it is important to search for alternative sources of energy. There is significant amount of environmental degradation as a result of use of traditional energy resources. According to Nnaji and Unachukwe (2010) , abundant sunshine is received by Nigeria which could be available as solar energy if the solar appliances with 5% of conversion efficiency were used for only 1% of the total land area of the country. Oseni ( 2012) has presented a detailed analysis of the trends of energy in Nigeria between 2007 and 2008. The focus was on the search of renewable energy alternatives (Bugaje, 2006). According to him solar radiation of 5.5kWh per day and the recent improvement in the efficiency of PV panel it is possible to generate 190550GwH of electricity from solar energy in a year with the help of solar panels that will cover 1% of the entire land mass in Nigeria. It is also estimated that the demand for energy will continue to increase due t o the rise in the Nigerian population. Nigeria meets its energy demand by generating energy from fossil fuels but the secondary needs of energy of the country is met by the expensive imports. The energy demand from fossil fuel contributes to only 17.8% of the total energy consumption of the country (Droege, 2008). The flaring natural gas in Nigeria has resulted in serious environmental impact. A greater capacity of the country has been to address these issues that create pollution in the environment. Thus it is important to use supplements to crude oil so there is a balance of energy utilization in Nigeria (Fadare, 2009). Issues in using solar energy for generation of electricity Using solar energy as a potential source of energy has several benefits which includes low operational and cost of maintenance. The operation is noiseless and the PV panels are available in different sizes and modules with wide range of power rating (Chineke, Nwofor and Okoro, 2010). They are environment friendly source of energy with respect to release of green house gases, depletion of ozone layer. But there are several issues that arise in the generation of electricity from solar energy (Okoro and Madueme, 2004). Long energy payback time Sherwani et al. (2010) has carried a review of the life cycle assessment of the solar PV based generation of electricity. The variation in the generation of green house gases, energy payback time was dependent on various factors like the type of solar cell being used, efficiency of the components and orientation and angle of the solar panel. It is important to reduce the energy payback time of solar PV based generation of electricity by continuous improvement of the design that will facilitate the production of the PV cells (Mohammed et al., 2013). High capital cost High capital cost is required for the generation of electricity using solar energy. Investment in up gradation of technology has to be done by the Government and the giant companies for generating electricity using solar energy. It has already been implemented in countries like USA , China and Germany (Ogunleye, 2011). Element of Originality The research maintains its originality. There are numerous evidences which show that originality is maintained by the research. There are various evidences beyond the location in which the research is taking place that the elements of the research are authentic and reliable. The proposed research will be conducted in Nigeria. The implementation of renewable energy (PV cells) in Nigerian Maiduguri airport has been proposed. There has been no research on the implementation of renewable energy as potential source of electrical energy in Maiduguri airport in Nigeria. Now a day airports are very much concerned about the adoption of the solar technologies as there are so many unused lands are open to use. Photovoltaic system installation at airports generally cost a bit more than the other airports because of their distance from the system. There are various financing mechanisms are available to facilitate the installation of the PV system. The FAA does the inspection on the aspects of Ame rican civil aviation. FAA headquarters are involved only when the project plans for Photovoltaic cells require some additional resources or presents some complex problem. Proposed program of work In order to achieve the first objectives of the research, it is needed to take a deep insight into the widely available literatures. The data from various publications will be used. Other relevant information will be gathered from the academic articles. The second objective will be achieved by determination of the environmental impact of photovoltaic cells in the electricity generation in Maiduguri airport in Nigeria. As far as the impacts are concerned, depending on the location a large scale of solar facilities can raise the concern about the habitant loss and land degradation. The Solar PV cells do not involve water to generate electricity. Photovoltaic cell manufacturing processes include a number of hazardous materials those are mostly use for the purification of the semiconductor surface. While there is no emission of global warming gases while generating electricity using solar energy, still other stages associated with solar life cycle do emit the global warming gases. Most of the estimates of on the emission of photovoltaic systems are between 0.07 to 0.08 pounds of Carbon dioxide that is equivalent to kilowatt per hour. Impact of photovoltaic cells in the electricity generation in Maiduguri airport in Nigeria can be achiev ed by collecting primary information from structured interviews with the people working the Nigerian Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy. The outcome from the interview will be compared with traditional power plants. The third objective will identify the issues related to use of photovoltaic power. This will be achieved by collection of primary and secondary data from interviewing people working in the field of renewable energy in Nigeria. Collection of relevant literature in this regard will be collected. A Gantt chart has been organized in order to ensure that there is smooth working development on the project. Task Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Aims and Objectives of Research Research of literature Drafting the research Feedback on literature Draft on the Introduction chapter Collection of data Comparison of data and analysis Draft on discussion of data Finalization of draft for the chapters Feedback on the final draft of the project

Reforms in the Gilded Age

In America, gilded age refers to the period between the years 1860 and 1900. Mark Twain and Charles Warner coined the term to refer to the years after the civil war (Twain Warner). Twain and Warner were concerned with the widespread corruption and greed in America during the late 19th century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reforms in the Gilded Age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During this period, North America’s economy grew drastically attracting numerous immigrants from Europe and Asia. With increased immigration, America achieved an unmatched growth in infrastructure (Twain Warner). Across the country, railroads, telephone lines and factories were constructed creating numerous opportunities. As a result, consumers were able to access cheaper goods and services. Similarly, improved infrastructure and increased markets offered entrepreneurs with numerous opportunities. With an increased economy, A merican society subdivided into the following social classes: lower class, middle class and upper class. The Upper class and the middle class celebrated the growth of the American economy, while the lower class lamented over it (Walker 145). As a result, American aristocrats were faced with numerous challenges from the poor workers who struggled with abject poverty. In the South, African Americans were denied the chance to exercise their civil rights. I noted that the American politics, at the period, were remarkable despite of the widespread corruption in the political arena. Reformers adopted several approaches to end social injustices, demand for better labor rights, and denounce corrupt politicians. After analyzing the American history, I identified that it was during this period that the first labor unions in America were organized. I noted that the period was characterized by low wages, hostile working environments and long working hours. Equally, entrepreneurs worsened the la bor situations by subdividing the unskilled workforce. Similarly, I recognized that with the mass usage of machines, skilled and unskilled laborers ended up with limited occupational mobility. Through the labor unions, workers collectively campaigned for better labor rights (Trachtenberg Eric Foner). In this regard, I believe that the current labor rights, enjoyed by American laborers, could not have been achieved without the efforts of the gilded age laborers. All through the unrests, I noted that the middle class were greatly affected by the unrest, and in turn intervened between the workers and the entrepreneurs. Following the unrest, entrepreneurs worked tirelessly to suppress the labor unions. To repress the employees, employers sorted to intimidations. It was not until the early 20th century that the labor rights were fully acknowledged by the factory owners (Shrock 123). Though the unions’ goals took longer to be achieved, I believe that the current American labor rig hts are as a result of continuous efforts by the activists since the gilded age. In my opinion, the approach taken by the employees through strikes and unrests was effective in ensuring that their goals were met.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To emphasize the need for social change in the gilded age, I noted that the middle class and the lower class worked collectively to achieve the needed civil reforms. In the year 1881, an angered citizen assassinated President James Garfield (Schlesinger 45). The assassin had earlier missed an employment opportunity he felt he deserved. As a result, the killer assassinated the president blaming his government for his misfortunes. Following the death of President James Garfield, calls for reforms in the patronage system were initiated. Consequently, in the year 1883, Pendleton act was passed into law. Through this act, fair methods were introduced to enhance the selection of job seekers. With these incidences, I realized that the gilded politicians were not only unfair but also and unjust. Although I disagree with the killing of President James Garfield, I do feel that the approaches taken by the civil reformists were warranted for the fulfillment of their goals. In my studies, I realized that most of the gilded Age reformists were from the middle class. These reformists opposed the Social Darwinism theory asserted by the gilded age elites. Instead, they were actively involved in slums up gradation and poverty reduction programs within their communities. Through this, the lower class adopted the values of the middle class, and in turn took progressive steps towards ending poverty (Morgan 125). In my view, the gilded age middle class philanthropic acts should be a challenge to us to advocate for all efforts aimed at reducing poverty levels and unemployment rates within our societies. In my opinion, not all the approaches used by the reformists were effective. During the period, reformers blamed alcohol consumption for most the social problems in their societies (Morgan 78). As a result, several regions in America banned alcohol consumption within their jurisdictions. I noted that American women supported this temperance in huge numbers. By analyzing this approach, I identified that most of its proponents had their own vested interests. In my opinion, the proponents were only after damaging the catholic immigrants’ image.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reforms in the Gilded Age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the period, most drunkards were catholic immigrants. Through the studies, one cannot clearly comprehend the connection between the gilded age social problems and alcohol consumption. For this reason, I believe that the social reformists never achieved their goals through banning alcohol consumption in America. In the year 1887, the congress was pushed to pass the Interstate Commerce Act. The law regulated the railroad companies. In the year 1890, it was realized that the law was ineffective. Another ineffective law was the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. This act was signed into law in the year 1890 with the aim of illegalizing trusts in America (Johnson Harvey 95). In my view, these approaches were only effective in their theoretical forms and not in their practical forms. As such, the authorities found it hard to implement them. To sum up, we should all accept that the gilded age reformists’ approaches shaped and helped America attain its global economic dominance. During the gilded age, America witnessed industrious entrepreneurs who helped industrialize America (Horgan 34). While we acknowledge the deplorable conditions the gilded age Americans workforce underwent through, we should not fail to acknowledge the efforts played by their entrepreneurs. It is through these entrepreneursâ€⠄¢ efforts that we enjoy better goods, better services, reduced unemployment rates and improved lifestyles. In my opinion, we should acknowledge that the current reforms our country enjoys were initiated by the gilded age reformers. Towards the end of the gilded age, Americans began to recognize the need to elect morally upright leaders into public offices (Foner John 67). In this regard, we should recognize and acknowledge the efforts played by the gilded age reformists in ensuring that America attains just and fair political system. In general, most of the approaches taken by reformers to the problems of an industrial society were effective in meeting their goals. Bibliography Foner, Eric, and John A. Garraty. The Reader’s companion to American history. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1991. Print. Horgan, Paul. Conquistadors in North American history. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1963. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Johnson, Thomas Herbert, and Harvey Wish. The Oxford companion to Am history. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966. Print. Morgan, H. Wayne. The gilded age, a reappraisal.. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1963. Print. Morgan, H. Wayne. The gilded age. Rev. and enl. ed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1970. Print. Schlesinger, Arthur M.. The cycles of American history. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Print. Shrock, Joel. The Gilded Age. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. Print. Trachtenberg, Alan, and Eric Foner. The incorporation of America: culture and society in the gilded age. New York: Hill and Wang, 1982. Print. Twain, Mark, and Charles Dudley Warner. The gilded age. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Print. Walker, Robert Harris. The poet and the gilded age; social themes in late 19th century American verse. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963. Print. This essay on Reforms in the Gilded Age was written and submitted by user Danna Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Habits and Traits of Cockroaches, the Order Blattodea

Habits and Traits of Cockroaches, the Order Blattodea The order Blattodea includes the cockroaches, insects unfairly reviled the world over. Though some are pests, most cockroach species fill important ecological roles as scavengers that clean up organic waste. The order name comes from blatta, which is Latin for cockroach. Description Cockroaches are ancient insects. Theyve remained almost unchanged for over 200 million years. Roaches run fast on legs adapted for speed, and with 5-segmented tarsi. Cockroaches can also accelerate and turn quickly. Most are nocturnal and spend their days resting deep within tight-fitting cracks or crevices. Roaches have flat, oval bodies, and with a few exceptions are winged. When viewed dorsally, their heads are concealed behind a large pronotum. They have long, slender antennae, and segmented cerci. Cockroaches use chewing mouthparts to scavenge on organic materials. Members of the order Blattodea undergo incomplete or simple metamorphosis, with three stages of development: egg, nymph, and adult. Females encase their eggs in a capsule called an ootheca. Depending on the species, she may place the ootheca in a crevice or other protected place, or carry it with her. Some female cockroaches carry the ootheca internally. Habitat and Distribution Most of the 4,000 species of cockroaches inhabit moist, tropical environments. As a group, however, cockroaches have a wide distribution, from desert to arctic environments. Major Families in the Order Blattidae: Oriental and American cockroachesBlattellidae: German and wood cockroachesPolyphagidae: desert cockroachesBlaberidae: giant cockroaches Cockroaches of Interest The Madeira cockroach (Rhyparobia maderae) can stridulate, an unusual skill for a roach. It also gives off an offensive odor when threatened.The tiny Attaphila fungicola cockroach inhabits an ecological niche – the nests of leaf-cutting ants.Madagascar hissing cockroaches (Grophadorhina portentosa) force air through their spiracles to produce a hissing sound. Theyre a popular pet insect.The giant cave cockroach, Blaberus giganteus, feeds on bat guano among other things.

Innovation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Innovation Management - Essay Example Not just the adjustment in the earth is making organization receive new patterns, for example, it increases spending to have the capacity to meet the aggressive basic, yet these patterns additionally add to an increment in the instability. From a systemic point of view, the outcomes of these activities can be opened up past desires by the interrelatedness of the components prompting the conclusions that the very results of organizational activities are progressively eccentric. This clear mystery of innovation is normally a common marker of complex systems at work. For this situation, the utilization of innovation to improve the possibilities of survival of the firm, by endeavoring to control its surroundings, winds up compounding advance nature rendering it more turbulent. This expanded vulnerability prompts multilevel flimsiness with direct outcomes: both new dangers and new open doors for organizations. Expanding the turbulence in a situation does not mean actuating a change in all measurements consistently in the meantime. These adjustments in the earth can be seen as instabilities for a few organizations and consequently make dangers. Then again, these progressions can likewise be "arranged" to bring open doors for the organizations that made them. Turbulence might frequently be close to genuine rivalry from organizations in full control of the commercial center. This is what is known as the test of the hypothesis to see how organizations change and change themselves while in the meantime changing and changing their surroundings.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Law - Essay Example The problem in this question relates to offer, unilateral offer, invitation to treat, acceptance, rejection of offer and past consideration. These would be discussed in line with the facts and determination of conclusion of the issues would be made in accordance with that. The important aspect in respect of the question is that of the differentiation between an offer and invitation to treat. This has been drawn by the courts. Invitation to treat is an expression of willingness of one party to go into into negotiations with another party anticipating that a contract would be concluded at the end of such negotiations. Items on shop display and their prices are treated as an invitation to treat (Fisher v Bell). Advertisements are generally treated as invitation to treat (Harris v. Nickerson ). There are certain exceptions to this the reasoning based on intention and certainty. (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, a case on unilateral offer.)1. An offer on the other hand has been defined a s an unequivocal willingness by a party known as the offeror to enter into a contract on stated terms and provided that such terms would be accepted by the person to whom the offer is made (offeree) a contract would come into existence. Acceptance has been defined as the unconditional acquiesce to the terms that were laid down by the offeror. The important aspects of acceptance are that it should be unconditional and must be communicated to the. ( Holwell Securities v. Hughes2) . A number of exceptions have developed in respect of communication, one of them being the postal rule, whereby acceptance takes place as soon as a letter is posted. As far as instantaneous means of communication is concerned it can be said that the postal rule in Adams v. Lindsell3 of acceptance is not applicable and thus actual communication of acceptance needs to be done (Mondial Shipping and Chartering BV v. Astarte Shipping Ltd4). As far as silence constituting to be acceptance is concerned, the courts h ave been consistent in their approach that silence would not constitute as acceptance and acceptance needs to be communicated or can occur by way of conduct. (Felthouse v. Bendley)5 . The advertisement that was placed cannot be classified as a unilateral offer as the facts do not show the requisite certainty and unconditional offer, thus it is evident that the advertisement is an invitation to treat. The discussion with Rose was merely an invitation to treat as there was hope of a contract being concluded and at no point can it be seen that an offer been made, so there can be no acceptance. In line with the discussion with Mary, the offer of Rose was made and communicated to Mary, however, the problem lies in the fact that even though there Mary responded and accepted the offer, it was never communicated to Rose and so in line with authorities on instantaneous communication it can be concluded that acceptance did not take place and so no action can be brought about by Rose. As far a s Matthew is concerned, the problem lies in the fact that it was conditional on the fact that Matthew would receive payment and therefore a conditional offer, or in other words it was not a conclusive offer which could be accepted. Applying the approach of courts in respect of silence and that it would not constitute to be acceptance; the actions of John cannot in any way create a binding contract. Furthermore, there has been no actions or conduct which show acceptance, on the contrary Mary destroyed the cheque which shows her intention of not being bound. The next issue is in respect of consideration, which is that it must generally be given after promise so as to make it enforceable. Thus a promise made after alleged consideration is complete is unenforceable (Re Mcardle)6. Thus past consideration is generally held not to be good consideration. However, the courts in Pao On v. Lau Yiu Long whereby Lord Scarman laid down the three condition which were to be satisfied if the excepti ons were to be relied upon, the first being that the act which was done